Corneal drug delivery with tattoo technique: A new route for intrastromal cornea administration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe a new corneal drug delivery technique using a tattoo machine. Materials and Methods: Five human eye bank corneas and four rabbits were included in the study. All interventions were performed with a tattoo machine with the following: 60-Hz needling speed, 200-m needling depth, and liner cartridges with seven solid microneedles. Our study was conducted in two stages: an experimental model with ink injection in eye bank corneas and a drug delivery in the corneas of live rabbis. Each cornea received from the eye bank was injected with black and brown inks. Each rabbit received an intrastromal application of biguanide 0.2 mg/mL, triamcinolone 40 mg/mL, or bevacizumab 25 mg/mL. Dry needling was performed in the fourth rabbit. The rabbits were followed clinically for 30 days and were euthanized on day 30. All corneas were photographed before and after the procedure and then processed, stained with H and E, and underwent microscope analysis. Results: In the human corneas, pigment was delivered into the corneas with the tattoo machine and the ink remained in the stroma at the desired and stipulated depth. In the rabbits, the treated corneas showed no vascularization, inflammatory cells, or corneal perforation after 30 days of the procedure. Conclusions: Corneal drug delivery performed with the tattoo machine was achieved without side effects. Further studies are needed to determine the safety and effectiveness of the intervention in ocular pathologies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".