Pomelo Peel Extract induces ROS-mediated DNA Double Stand Break and Apoptotic Death Pathway in Caco-2 Colon Cancer Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks among the top ten leading causes of death in the world. Beyond chemical therapy or targeted therapy, finding an alternative approach to colorectal cancer therapy is necessary. Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck is a popular fruit cultivated worldwide; the peel is mainly discarded after consuming the fruit. However, it has also been commonly reported as folk medicine for treating several illnesses, such as cough and indigestion. In this study, Caco-2 cells were treated with different concentrations of pomelo peel extract (PPE). PPE suppressed cell viability in a dose-dependent manner at 24 and 48 h. The PPE extract showed condensed chromatin and apoptotic cells at 12, 24, and 48 h under the microscope in DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining. Moreover, PPE activated the apoptosis pathway by increasing the protein expression of cleaved caspase-3. In addition, it also expressed elevation of pro-apoptotic Bax and degradation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. In addition, it enhanced the p-Chk2 protein in arresting the cell cycle and increased the protein expression of p-Histone H2A.X. Those results suggest that PPE can reduce cell viability in Caco-2 cells through ROS production and DNA damage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".