Development and characterization of volume-stabilized grouts used for borehole heat exchangers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study aims to develop volume-stabilized grouts made of ordinary Portland cement (OPC)-calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement-calcium sulfate (CS) ternary systems for borehole heat exchanger (BHE) applications. A series of experimental tests were carried out to characterize their properties and evaluate the applicability of grouts used in BHE. The grouts made of ternary systems exhibited satisfactory flowability within four hours and excellent volumetric stability compared with the grouts made of OPC only. Moreover, the thermal conductivities of grouts composed of ternary systems reached a range of 0.582–0.628 W/mK under oven-dry conditions and 1.940–1.949 W/mK under saturated conditions. In addition, grouts exhibited high unconfined compressive strength within a range of 14.19-16.31 MPa, indicating that the grouts have sufficient capacity to maintain the stability of boreholes. Overall, the grouts made of ternary systems exhibited good flowability, remarkable volumetric stability, and high thermal conductivity under saturated conditions. Among them, the grout composed of 70% OPC, 15% CSA cement and 15% gypsum showed superior volumetric stability and satisfactory performance in other aspects, indicating that it has the potential for BHE applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".