Effect of Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen in Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Improving bituminous material using recycling waste (Crumb rubber) as modifier was emphasized in this paper. Crumb rubber (CR) waste was added by volume to the bitumen in 0, 5, and 7 %. The volumetric properties tests were conducted using the Marshall Test (ASTM D1559), others includes Characterization of Binder and Aggregate materials in HMA, (FTIR Analysis), Fundamental mechanical properties tests, also Rheological properties according with ASTM D7369-11, Dynamic Modulus Test, according with AASHTO R83-17, Rutting Test according with AASHTO T324-04, Fatigue Cracking Evaluation according with AASHTO TP124 and Flexural Beam Fatigue Beam Test according with AASHTO T 321-07. The result indicates that crumb rubber is very suitable as a modifier, with bitumen of 60/70 PEN grade. From the results, at the designed production temperature 135oC for unmodified 60/70 Bitumen, the modified admixed samples (0% and 5% CR) at the same binder content show a high void percentage for mixes (5% CR). This is an indication that the modified asphalt mixtures exhibited volumetric properties with higher voids and lower density due to change in viscosity caused by modification and requires compaction at higher temperature to be at par with regular unmodified bitumen grade. However, the air voids of mixtures fall within the specification range of 3% to 5%, and as such acceptable for use as a modifier in 60/70 PEN grade bitumen.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".