An Animal Model for Muscular Flap Donor Site Morbidity: Ablation of Soleus and Gastrocnemius in Mice Results in Antagonistic Tibialis Anterior Muscle Atrophy:
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: The creation of an animal model to understanding muscle flap donor site morbidity after free tissue transfer is needed. There is a paucity in the literature identifying biomechanical and molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy and joint stiffness after antagonistic muscle harvest. This remains critical for developing therapeutic strategies to ameliorate donor site changes. We aimed to develop a model of internal splinting utilizing the tibialis anterior (TA) via tenotomy of the antagonistic gastrocnemius and soleus muscles to measure muscular and joint effects of splinting. Methods: We used ten adult (4–6 month) male C57BL/6 mice that underwent unilateral tenotomy at the achilleas tendon to completely disinsert the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles. After 14 days the muscle was harvested and analyzed for muscle fibre type, number, weight, and molecular markers (IL-6, TNF-a, GSK-3b) of atrophy. Results: When compared to the contralateral sham control leg, TA from the tenotomised leg were significantly smaller with a selective reduction in fast twitch muscle fibre cross sectional area. Molecular markers demonstrated selective atrophy in the TA fast twitch fibers with 1.9-fold increase in increased polyubiquitination (p<0.05), and greater GSK3 activation (p<0.05). At post-mortem, the joint capsule was thickened, shortened, and fixated into dorsiflexion, consistent with stiffness seen after splinting. Conclusion: This model showed structural changes in antagonistic muscles of the disinserted hindlimb that mimic a contralateral muscle groups after free tissue transfer surgeries. Its use may elicit further understanding of therapeutic strategies to improve donor site morbidity in free muscle transfer that can be translated to a post operative clinical setting.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".