High‐Performance Reversible Oxygen Reduction/Evolution Gas Diffusion Electrodes with Multivalent Cation Doped Core‐Shell Mn/Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Catalysts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The development of precious‐metal‐free catalysts with bifunctional activities for both oxygen reduction and evolution reactions (ORR/OER) is crucial for the advancement of regenerative fuel cells and rechargeable metal−air batteries. Manganese oxides (MnO x ) have emerged as promising bifunctional catalysts. However, MnO x electrodes typically exhibit poor ORR/OER cycling stability owing to polarization‐induced MnO x redox reactions and phase transition. To address this issue, we developed metallic cation (i. e., Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cu 2+ , or Bi 3+ ) doped MnO x /carbon electrodes using potentiodynamic, potentiostatic and galvanostatic methods. Among the explored dopant cations Ni 2+ intercalated into MnO x under acidic conditions using a slow‐scan cyclic voltammetry method, significantly enhanced the ORR/OER activity and stability of MnO x . Alongside electrochemical doping, MnO x also underwent redox reactions leading to changes in Mn valence and phase transitions. The Ni‐incorporated MnO x gas diffusion electrode (GDE) demonstrated exceptional stability for over 120 accelerated OER and ORR cycles at ±10 mA cm −2 in 5 M KOH, surpassing the performance of the Pt/C−IrO 2 benchmark. Furthermore, it achieved OER current densities of approximately 22 mA cm −2 at 1.65 V RHE , which was twice as high as that of Pt/C−IrO 2 .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".