Understanding the effects of permafrost degradation through a multiphysics approach
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Permafrost is a multiphase porous media that can host matter in all three states (solid, liquid, and gas). The equilibrium between the states of matter within the pore space is largely driven by salinity, pressure, and temperature. The complex interactions between the different thermodynamic processes can lead to a complex pore system that is altered at each subsequent thaw and freeze cycle. The dynamic changes imposed on this porous media alter the mechanical and electrical properties of the samples. These changes can thus be quantified and monitored using ultrasonic and electrical resistivity measurements. The experimental results presented in this work document the impacts of a thawing event on unconsolidated quartz sand samples that are partially saturated with a brine solution. The electrical resistivity and ultrasonic data are acquired simultaneously throughout the experiment, and the spatiotemporal changes within the solid matrix are captured by time-lapse X-ray computed tomography (CT). A total of 39 different samples are investigated. The two independent variables chosen for this study are the grain size and the salinity of the brines. The results indicate a clear transition in electrical and elastic properties as the material in the pore space transitions between two different states. Further results indicate that these transitions are the result of the alteration of the pore network itself. In addition, the study of P-wave velocity, ice fraction, and X-ray CT of two different types of ice that coexist within the pore network is documented. Given the distinct impact of two different types of ice on this cryogenic porous media, it is imperative to thoroughly comprehend the existence of different ice types before undertaking the electroelastic investigation of permafrost.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".