Evaluation of analgesic effects of doxepin cream in patients with knee osteoarthritis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background and purpose Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis, and knee osteoarthritis is one of the most important types, which causes symptoms such as pain and stiffness of the knee, followed by a weakening of physical performance and a decrease in quality of life. Among the complementary treatments that are of interest are new and optimal drugs that can reduce the pain and discomfort of patients with fewer side effects. We aim to investigate the effect of doxepin cream in reducing pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Methods In this double-blind clinical trial, 60 patients with knee osteoarthritis were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups of 20 people. The first group used placebo cream 2 times a day, the second group used 5% doxepin cream 2 times a day, and the third group used diclofenac 1% topical gel 2 times a day. All three groups used 250–500 mg naproxen tablets orally daily. Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) questionnaires were checked at the beginning of the study and six weeks after the start of treatment. Improvement of physical function and reduction of pain is considered as a response to treatment. Results This study showed that after the doxepin intervention, in second group there was a significant difference in knee pain (P < 0.005), dryness during the day (P < 0.05), morning dryness (P < 0.05), and physical performance (P < 0.05) between the groups. In the two groups receiving doxepin cream and diclofenac gel, there was a significant reduction in symptoms (pain and stiffness of the knee) and an improvement in physical performance. Conclusion The topical form of doxepin, which was prepared as a cream, reduced knee pain, morning dryness, and dryness during the day and improved the physical performance of patients with primary knee osteoarthritis. It seems that the reduction of patient symptoms is due to the inhibitory effects on NMDA(N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors, as well as the inhibitory effects on noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine reabsorption, as well as the inhibition of sodium voltage channels.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".