On-chip large-scale-integration and 2D collective modes of genetically programmed artificial cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The on-chip large-scale-integration of genetically programmed artificial cells capable of exhibiting collective modes is an important goal for fundamental research and technology. Here, we report assembly of a 2D layout of 1024 monolithic DNA compartments as artificial cells on a 5-millimeter square silicon chip. Homeostatic cell-free protein synthesis reactions driven by genetic circuits occur inside the compartments. We created a reaction-diffusion system with a 30x30 square lattice of artificial cells interconnected by thin capillaries for diffusion of products. Driving the system by a genetic oscillator revealed emergent collective modes of synchrony and propagating phase waves in 2D, with dynamics controlled by geometry. This demonstrates a class of nonequilibrium autonomous systems, where chemical energy consumed to make proteins induces 2D collective patterns of gene expression on multicellular scales, with applications in biological computing, sensing, and materials synthesis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".