Bibliographic record
Abstract
On 24 October 1945, when the UN Charter entered into force, an estimated 750 million people, nearly a third of the world’s population, lived in territories under direct or indirect foreign rule. By the end of 1990, thirty years after it adopted the landmark Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples and established a special committee to oversee the process of decolonization, 1 this number had cratered to a few million and the UN General Assembly felt enough pride in its track record to celebrate the inception of an ‘International Decade for the Eradication of Colonialism’. 2 Today, roughly 70 per cent of the world’s population is descended from colonizers or colonial subjects, in many cases from both. 3 The experiences of countless occupied territories, oppressed nations, unrecognized states, secessionist movements, and Indigenous peoples, to say nothing of those struggling against ongoing neocolonialism, make it clear that colonialism has not come to an end – and that it certainly cannot be reduced to the formal processes of decolonization coordinated by states and international organizations. But the fact remains that over eighty states gained their independence within a single generation after the Second World War, with most colonial territories thereby reconstituted as states possessed of de jure sovereignty. Fewer than two million now live in the seventeen territories that continue to be designated as ‘non-self-governing’ on the United Nations’ admittedly incomplete and controversial list. 4
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.511 | 0.291 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".