Airway Tree Caliber and Susceptibility to Pollution-associated Emphysema: MESA Air and Lung Studies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Rationale Airway tree morphology varies in the general population and may modify the distribution and uptake of inhaled pollutants. Objectives We hypothesized that smaller airway caliber would be associated with emphysema progression and would increase susceptibility to air pollutant–associated emphysema progression. Methods MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) is a general population cohort of adults 45–84 years old from six U.S. communities. Airway tree caliber was quantified as the mean of airway lumen diameters measured from baseline cardiac computed tomography (CT) (2000–2002). Percentage emphysema, defined as percentage of lung pixels below −950 Hounsfield units, was assessed up to five times per participant via cardiac CT scan (2000–2007) and equivalent regions on lung CT scan (2010–2018). Long-term outdoor air pollutant concentrations (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm, oxides of nitrogen, and ozone) were estimated at the residential address with validated spatiotemporal models. Linear mixed models estimated the association between airway tree caliber and emphysema progression; modification of pollutant-associated emphysema progression was assessed using multiplicative interaction terms. Measurements and Main Results Among 6,793 participants (mean ± SD age, 62 ± 10 yr), baseline airway tree caliber was 3.95 ± 1.1 mm and median (interquartile range) of percentage emphysema was 2.88 (1.21–5.68). In adjusted analyses, 10-year emphysema progression rate was 0.75 percentage points (95% confidence interval, 0.54–0.96%) higher in the smallest compared with largest airway tree caliber quartile. Airway tree caliber also modified air pollutant–associated emphysema progression. Conclusions Smaller airway tree caliber was associated with accelerated emphysema progression and modified air pollutant–associated emphysema progression. A better understanding of the mechanisms of airway–alveolar homeostasis and air pollutant deposition is needed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".