Degradation mechanisms of soil arching under a localized cyclic surface loading
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Soil arching causes stress redistribution in many earth structures, such as pile-supported embankments and buried structures. A localized cyclic surface load (e.g., footing and traffic load) would weaken the arching effect and cause structural safety at potential risk. This paper presents a series of trapdoor tests using transparent soil to investigate the degradation mechanisms of soil arching subjected to a localized cyclic surface load. The particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique was adopted to monitor the inner soil deformations during test. The test results show that soil arching under localized cyclic surface loading first degraded locally on the trapdoor center and then progressed from the center to the entire trapdoor. The soil arching degraded faster within a lower backfill, on a wider trapdoor, and under a higher load frequency of localized surface loading. Owing to the volumetric expansion during trapdoor movement, the average vertical stress with soil arching increased faster under localized surface loading than that without soil arching. After full degradation of soil arching, the stress increment and vertical displacement contours with and without arching effect gradually tended to be similar. Finally, an empirical method was proposed to predict the soil arching ratio under localized cyclic surface loading.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".