Multidimensional domestic gender inequality and the global diffusion of women’s ministries, 1975–2015
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Since the 1970s, many countries have passed policy and institutional reforms to promote gender equality and the wellbeing of women. The global diffusion of gender and women’s ministries constitutes a manifestation of this process. However, our understanding of the diffusion of this organizational form is very limited. To fill this gap, we examine the adoption of cabinet-level, women’s ministries worldwide, between 1975 and 2015. Our argument builds on the fact that, within a given country, gender (in)equality is heterogeneous across the economic, political and social domains, and that shifts in women’s descriptive political representation and feminization of the labor force hasten the adoption of these ministries. As women expand their formal political power, they are better able to foster the perception of a linked fate and promote the creation of women’s machineries. Moreover, rapid feminization of the labor force increases the opportunity costs of all forms of gender discrimination and improves women’s collective socio-political economic resources to act against all forms of discrimination. Commensurate with our argument, penalized maximum likelihood fixed-effects (PML-FE) models indicate that countries which observe faster increases in women’s presence in the political elite and feminization of the labor force are more likely to adopt a women’s ministry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".