BRIEF HISTORY OF EARLY PIONEERING TSUNAMI RESEARCH – Part A
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT The year 2015 marked the 50th anniversary of operations of the International Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific Ocean - which officially begun in 1965. Our previous report in this journal described briefly the establishment of early tsunami warning systems by the USA and other countries and the progressive improvements and international cooperative efforts which were expanded to include other regions in establishing the International Tsunami Warning System under the auspices of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO, with the purpose of mitigating the disaster’s impact. The present paper (Part A) provides a brief historical review of the early, pioneering research efforts undertaken mainly in the U.S.A. and in Canada, initially by scientists at the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics of the University of Hawaii, at the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, at the Honolulu Observatory - later renamed Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) - at the International Tsunami Information Center (ITIC), at the Joint Tsunami Research Effort (JTRE) and at the later-established Joint Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Research (JIMAR) at the University of Hawaii, in close cooperation with scientists at the Pacific Division of the National Weather Service (NWS) of and the Pacific Marine Environmenal Laboratory (PMEL) of NOAA in Seattle. Also, reviewed briefly - but to a lesser extent - are some of the additional early research projects undertaken by scientists of the U.S. Coast of Geodetic Survey (USC&GS), of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), of the U.S. National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) in Boulder, Colorado, of the U.S. Army, Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC) and the Waterways Experiment Station (WES) in Vicksburg, Mississippi, and of researchers at different U.S. Universities and by members of the Tsunami Society, as well as at by many other national and international governmental and non-governmental institutions and Civil Defense Agencies. Part B will expand on international contributions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.012 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".