David Chuenyan Lai and Guo Ding, <i>Great Fortune Dream: The Struggles and Triumphs of Chinese Settlers in Canada, 1858-1966</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The history of Chinese immigration to Canada can be divided into two periods.From 1858 to 1966 the Chinese entering Canada experienced discrimination and segregation.After 1967, federal immigration policies changed, allowing Chinese immigrants to enter Canada on the same basis as other immigrants.In 1858, gold was first discovered in the Fraser River.News of this discovery travelled to the Pearl River Delta, where in the aftermath of the Opium Wars, many Chinese sought to escape poverty, overcrowding, political unrest and even slavery.This tumultuous period marked the beginning of Chinese migration to Canada and has come to be known as the Chinese diaspora -the dispersion of the Chinese from their homeland.This volume covers the first part of the Chinese experience in Canada when discrimination and negative stereotypes plagued Chinese communities in Canada before 1967.At first white settlers welcomed the cheap labour provided by these "coolie labourers," but as the gold rushes came to an end, so did this period of relative peace.For the century that followed, segregation and discrimination against the Chinese would be a hallmark of white citizens of Canada.Great Fortune Dream: The Struggles and Triumphs of Chinese Settlers in Canada, 1858Canada, -1966 describes Chinese migration and life in Canada according to four periods of Canada's immigration policies on Chinese, ranging from Free Entry to Exclusion.It is an interdisciplinary study that draws on history, geography, anthropology and statistics to paint a comprehensive picture of Chinese experiences within mainstream Canadian society in the past, and to allow today's readers to appreciate the historically significant and valuable contributions the overseas Chinese made to the development of Canada.The first period of the diaspora is known as the Era of Free Entry 1858-1884.As mentioned earlier, the Fraser River gold rush marked the first wave of early Chinese immigration to British Columbia.Many people lost their lives on the long voyage but after some of the first emigrants returned with wealth to their home villages, they inspired more people from this region to make the hazardous trans-Pacific voyage to pursue their "great fortune dream" in western Canada.The second wave began in the early 1880s, when hundreds of Chinese labourers were recruited to help build the Canadian Pacific Railway that would connect the new province of British Columbia to the rest of Canada.During the construction of the railway, which had 3,800 kilometers of track, Chinese railway workers experienced harsh working and living conditions.Many of them died during blasting or were killed by collapsing tunnels and they were left in unmarked graves
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.017 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".