Hemigrammopetersius barnardi (Teleostei: Characiformes: Alestidae): a study of skeletal ontogeny and identification of homology for phylogenetic analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Members of Alestidae, a family of characiforms found in sub–Saharan Africa, have a wide range ofadult body sizes. Because of this range of adult size, phylogenetic characters for the group may be difficult to distinguish from ontogenetic features, resulting in groups being united based on body size rather than evolutionary relatedness. Although previous studies have presented the morphology and osteology of some small and miniature taxa, these were pre–cladistic and did not attempt to distinguish between phylogenetic and ontogenetic features. Here we provide a study on the external morphology and osteology of a small alestid, Hemigrammopetersius barnardi which has reductions and losses of osteological features. We compared this species to juveniles of Alestes dentex, an alestid that attains much larger adult size, to identify characters in H. barnardi that potentially result from a decrease in body size rather than shared ancestry. We found that the loss of particular bones of the circumorbital series and postcranium, as well as a reduction of the sensory canal system, are likely the result of small body size, and therefore are not useful in establishing phylogenetic relationships among alestids.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".