Zebrafish eye development and function is affected by crude oil exposure – line of evidence from underlying molecular effects to behavioral consequences
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Crude oil can affect the normal eye development and swimming behavior of fish embryos. In this study 0-4 hours post fertilization (hpf) zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) embryos were exposed to low, sublethal concentrations of water-accommodated fractions (WAF) of a naphthenic North Sea crude oil alone and in combination with a third-generation chemical dispersant. Effects on eye development and function at the transcript, histological, morphological, and behavioral level were assessed relative to untreated control specimen at 119 hpf. Exposed embryos swam significantly less during the dark phases of the light/dark transition test. Eye size of zebrafish embryos was significantly smaller in groups exposed to crude oil WAFs. Zebrafish retina histology revealed that, among other structural alterations, the outer nuclear layer, containing photoreceptor cells relevant for normal visual functioning, was significantly thinner in exposed embryos. Transcriptome analysis revealed that several genes involved in eye development and function (opsins and crystallins) were dysregulated upon oil exposure. The molecular effects on gene expression and eye histology results form a novel line of evidence that explains the observed effects of crude oil on the swimming activity of exposed fish embryos. The present study is in line with recent findings highlighting the importance of ocular toxicity in developing embryos exposed to petroleum samples at environmentally relevant and non-lethal concentrations without visible malformations. The study suggests that oculotoxicity should be considered as a major toxicity pathway alongside to the well-established cardiotoxicity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".