On-chip electro-optic modulator based on left-handed photonic crystals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To achieve more compact integrated photonic devices, reducing size of elements is crucial. A factor that limits sizereduction is electro-optic components that require large optical interaction length. In this work, we designed and fabricated an optical modulator where a photonic crystal structure is used to create large phase difference in short distance. Our design is a 2x2 Mach-Zehnder interferometer on the platform of silicon-on-insulator. A left-handed photonic crystal structure that is designed to operate at 1.55 um is placed on one arm of the interferometer to add phase to light. The phase difference between two arms yields amplitude modulation at the output of the interferometer. The photonic crystal is hexagonal air hole lattice and used to switch between negative and positive effective refractive indices. This change is triggered by applying voltage which decreases the refractive index of silicon from 3.480 to 3.477 due to plasma dispersion effect, and causes photonic band-to-band transition. By this way, effective refractive index of the structure jumps from negative to positive values. To be able to realize this, photonic crystal region is sandwiched between n-doped and p-doped materials, which creates a p-i-n diode. By taking the advantage of band-to-band transition at left-handed photonic crystal, we experimentally demonstrated that interaction length is reduced from 255 um to 4.4 um. This reduction leads to low optical insertion loss as well as more compact devices.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".