Performance of Paraffin Wax Embedded with Lattice and Protrusion in Hybrid Rocket
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A hybrid rocket has many benefits compared to solid and liquid rockets, especially in terms of safety and ease of use. However, a major challenge in hybrid rockets that use paraffin wax as fuel is that wax exhibits poor mechanical properties resulting in sloughing events that can lead to motor failure. Therefore, the current work aims to improve the mechanical strength of paraffin wax without compromising on combustion performance. To achieve this, an optically accessible hybrid rocket slab burner was used to experimentally investigate the combined effect on fuel regression due to the addition of an additively manufactured, tailored PLA lattice embedded into the fuel grain in the presence of a protrusion. Generally, the slower burn rate of the lattice compared to the wax, reduces the fuel regression rate. In addition to the lattice, an incombustible protrusion is inserted in the paraffin wax, which disturbs the flow, enhances the heat transfer, and thus increases the regression rate. In the current work, mullite and silicon carbide (SiC) were chosen as protrusion materials, and their influence on regression behavior was examined. The results reveal that lattice-embedded fuel grains with mullite protrusions resulted in a 13% increase in regression rate whereas SiC resulted in a 30% decrease in regression rate compared to the neat paraffin case. This difference in regression rates is mainly due to the higher thermal conductivity of SiC compared to Mullite.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".