Spatial-temporal characteristics of ambient isoprene and monoterpene and their ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation potential in China
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are important precursors of forming ozone (O 3 ) and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs), which have important impacts on air quality and climate change. Using a literature search, this review analyzed the concentration levels and spatial-temporal distributions of isoprene and monoterpene in the atmosphere in China, mainly from biogenic emissions, and estimated their impact on O 3 and SOA generation. The existing observations were mainly in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, the Pearl River Delta region, central China, and in remote mountainous areas. The results showed that isoprene is the dominant component of BVOCs in the atmosphere, and its ambient concentration is much higher than monoterpene. The site-average concentrations of isoprene and monoterpene were 0.004–3.80 and 0.0003–6.31 ppb, respectively. At vegetation sites, the concentrations of isoprene and monoterpene were 0.006–3.80 and 0.007–6.31 ppb, respectively, whereas they were 0.004–2.70 and 0.0003–1.10 ppb at urban sites. For urban sites, the higher concentrations of annual isoprene occurred mainly in several central megacities, in the Sichuan–Chongqing region, and in southern regions. For vegetation sites, higher concentrations mainly occurred in southern regions. Ambient concentrations of BVOCs in the western region were the lowest for both urban and vegetation sites. Both isoprene and monoterpene showed higher concentrations in summer. The potential of isoprene and monoterpene to form O 3 was 0.05–57.21 and 0.003–72.35 ppb, while that which form SOA was 0.0002–0.21 and 0.0006–10.46 µg/m 3 , respectively. For urban sites, the average annual O 3 formation potential (OFP) by isoprene and monoterpene was 8.70 and 2.58 ppb, respectively, and their SOA formation potential (SOAP) was 0.03 and 0.37 µg/m 3 , respectively. For vegetation sites, it was 7.95 and 5.31 ppb and 0.03 and 0.75 µg/m 3 , respectively. The annual average contributions of isoprene and monoterpene to O 3 and SOA formation were higher in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, Pearl River Delta region, and central China, which experience severe air pollution in China.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".