200-fold lifetime extension of 2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone during flow battery operation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We study the capacity fade rate of a flow battery utilizing 2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone (DHAQ) and its dependence on hydroxide concentration, state of charge, cutoff voltages for the discharge step and for the electrochemical regeneration (oxidation of decomposition compounds back to active species) step, and period of performing the electrochemical regeneration events. Our observations confirm that the first decomposition product, 2,6-dihydroxyanthrone (DHA), is stable but after electro-oxidative dimerization, the anthrone dimer decomposes. We identify conditions for which there is little time after dimerization until the dimer is rapidly re-oxidized electrochemically to form DHAQ. Combining these approaches, we decrease the fade rate to 0.02%/day, which is 18 times lower than lowest rate reported previously of 0.38%/day, and over 200 times lower than the value under standard cycling conditions of 4.3%/day. The findings and their mechanistic interpretation are expected to extend the lifetime and enhance the effectiveness of in-situ electrochemical regeneration for other electroactive species with finite lifetimes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".