Distribution of, and microhabitat use by, woodland salamanders along forest-farmland edges
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We examined the distribution of, and microhabitat use by, woodland salamander populations along forest-farmland edges at six sites (each 40 ha) in the Valley and Ridge Province of Pennsylvania (U.S.A.) from September to November 1995 and from March to May 1996.We found 570 salamanders of nine species, with most (90.5%)being Redback Salamanders (Plethodon cinereus).Observed versus expected numbers of salamanders of all species combined differed with distances from edges (P < 0.005); only 64 (11%) were found at the immediate edge (i.e., 5 m into the forest at the forest-farmland edge).This finding is partially related to dryer microclimatic conditions at edges.Two of the sites (BL2 and SH1) with the highest number of Redback Salamanders contained higher density of logs, soil temperatures, and percentage coverage of herbaceous growth in fall, and deeper and higher percentage coverage of leaf litter in spring compared to other sites.Woodland salamanders and other amphibians are of conservation concern because of regional population declines and range reductions.Thus, we recommend that cool, moist microclimatic conditions be preserved along forest-farmland edges (e.g., via retention of shaded logs and spring seeps) whenever possible for the conservation of woodland salamander populations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".