Influence of predation on Piping Plover, Charadrius melodus, and Least Tern, Sterna antillarum, productivity along the Missouri River in South Dakota
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Predation along the Missouri River in South Dakota was examined from May-August during 1991 and 1992 to determine its influence on Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus) and Least Tern (Sterna antillarum) productivity. Egested raptor pellet collections, track and trail surveys, time-lapse photography, and visual observations were used to identify predators at active colony sites. Predation was the leading cause of nest and chick loss. American Crow (Corvus corvus), Raccoon (Procyon lotor), and Mink (Mustela vison) caused 98.0% of known nest losses. American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) and Great Horned Owls (Bubo virginianus) accounted for 93.0% of the documented chick mortalities. Chick escape shelters and wire mesh predator exclosures were evaluated as a means of increasing nest success and chick survival. Piping Plover apparent nest success increased significantly (P< 0.001) from 34.4% to 61.6% with the use of predator exclosure cages. Chick shelters were not used by either species and appeared to provide no benefit to chick survival. High predation rates on the Missouri River may be the result of severe habitat deterioration and increased predator effectiveness. Management activities for Piping Plovers and Least Terns should be based on thorough knowledge of predator community composition and dynamics.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".