Establishment of a breeding population of Canada Geese, Branta canadensis, in southern Quebec
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Establishment of a breeding population of Canada Geese in southern Quebec.Canadian Field-Naturalist 115(1): 75-81.We documented the natural establishment of a breeding population of Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) on four islands located in the St. Lawrence River near Montreal.Number of nests increased from 3 in 1992 to 50 in 2000.We estimated that the population is currently growing at 36-46% per year.Over the years, nest success was high with 80% of the nests hatching at least one egg giving a Mayfield estimate of 66%.Morphometric measurements of geese nesting and molting in southern Quebec conform to those of Giant Canada Geese (B.c. maxima).Resightings of banded and neck-collared geese revealed that two birds marked in New York and one in Michigan, as part of resident flocks, have colonized the islands.Moreover, natal-fidelity of a female hatched on one of the islands indicates that the breeding population will continue growing.The colonization of the islands may result from the expansion of the resident populations of southern Ontario and eastern United States or from escapes from captive flocks.We also hypothesize that the establishment could be related to the use of the area by molt migrant resident geese that may return the following spring to breed.We recommend that management actions be taken to prevent establishment of a larger population of summer resident geese in southern Quebec.Otherwise, we predict that problems like those caused by resident Canada Geese established in urban and suburban settings elsewhere will occur.Climatic changes in a near future may also incite some Canada Geese to winter in southern Quebec and this could exacerbate potential problems.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".