Double-crested Cormorants, Phalacrocorax auritus, at inland lakes north of Lake Huron
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Phalacrocorax auritus, at inland lakes north of Lake Huron, Ontario.Canadian Field-Naturalist 116(3): 359-365.Three long-term data sets were used to document the use of inland lakes north of Lake Huron by Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus).After the first reported sighting in the Sudbury Region in 1971, the species was observed regularly from 1979 onwards.It was not a summer resident in the area until 1987 and noteworthy multiple numbers were not reported until 1991.These non-breeding birds may have originated as spring migratory "overshoots" from Georgian Bay, Lake Huron; birds observed in the autumn were probably migratory stragglers from farther north.It is unlikely that they came from the east or west because present day colonies there were not active yet.The only two known breeding sites in the region are at Kelley Lake and Lake Wanapitei.Breeding at Kelley Lake began in 1996; in Lake Wanapitei, breeding was confirmed in 1999, but may have begun earlier.These sightings represent the earliest movements of cormorants away from the Great Lakes since their resurgence there, and these birds may establish breeding sites at small inland lakes in this area.These movements into the Sudbury Region are not to be confused with daily foraging flights to inland lakes which are seen within several kilometres of the Great Lakes.Further research is required to study what impact cormorants might have on inland lake ecosystems and to determine whether cormorants are seen with increased frequency elsewhere in the Great Lakes watershed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".