Status of the sympatric smelt (genus Osmerus), populations of Lake Utopia, New Brunswick
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Taylor, Eric B. 2001.Status of the sympatric smelt (genus Osmerus) populations of Lake Utopia, New Brunswick.Canadian Field-Naturalist 115(1): 131-137.Lake Utopia, southwestern New Brunswick, contains phenotypically and genetically distinct populations of smelt, genus Osmerus.One form, "Dwarf Smelt", matures at between 100 to 120 mm total length, has 35 to 36 gill rakers, and spawns in small streams in May.The other form, " Normal Smelt", matures at 150 to 250 mm total length, has 30 to 32 gill rakers and spawns in larger, lake-headed streams in early April.The two forms are genetically distinct as assessed by differences in the frequencies of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms.Quantitative genetic differences between the forms are suggested by inter-annually stable differences in morphology and spawning time and site.The two forms in Lake Utopia: (i) are reproductively isolated in sympatry and behave as distinct species, (ii) appear to have originated independently from sympatric forms in other lakes, and (111) may have resulted from speciation within Lake Utopia.Both forms are subject to annual dip-net recreational fisheries.The Normal Smelt appears to be in no immediate danger, but Dwarf Smelt may be especially vulnerable owing to its apparently lower abundance and limited spawning distribution in small, easily disturbed streams.Il y a deux populations d'Eperlan (genre Osmerus) dans le Lac Utopia dans le sud-ouest du Nouveau-Brunswick, qui peuvent étre distinguées par leur génotype et leur phénotype.Le type "normal" atteint une longueur de 150 a 250 mm a maturité, posséde 30 a 32 branchicténies et fraie au début avril, dans les ruisseaux qui aboutissent dans le lac.Le type nain atteint une longueur de 100 4 120 mm a maturité, posséde 35 a 36 branchicténies et fraie au mois de mai dans les petits cours d'eau.Les deux types se distinguent génétiquement par des différences dans la fréquence des fragments de restriction de l'ADN des mitochondries.La stabilité morphologique de chaque phénotype quant l'endroit et la période de frai suggérent qu'il y aurait des différences génétiques quantitatives.Les deux types du Lac Utopia (i) sont isolés au point de vue reproductif en sympatrie et fonctionnent tel deux espéces, (11) semblent avoir une origine indépendante des types en sympatrie dans les autres lacs, et (111) pouraient étre le résultat de spéciation dans ce lac.Les deux types sont péchés au moyen d'épuisette chaque année, par des pécheurs de loisir.Le type "normal" ne semble pas en danger immédiat, mais le type "nain" pourrait l'étre car il parait étre moins abondant et ne fraie que dans quelques cours d'eaux qui sont facilement perturbés.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".