Status of the Texada Stickleback species pair, Gasterosteus spp., in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A sympatric pair of stickleback species (Gasterosteus spp.) occur in Paxton Lake on Texada Island, British Columbia.These species are reproductively isolated and adapted to alternate trophic niches.One form (benthic) is a littoral, benthic forager, whereas the other (limnetic) is a pelagic plankton feeder.The benthic member is larger (90 mm Standard Length), with a short body, wide mouth relatively few, short gill rakers, and a reduced number of lateral plates and dorsal spines.The entire pelvic girdle is absent in about 80% of adults.The limnetic form is smaller, slim, small-mouthed, with long gill rakers and normal lateral plates, dorsal spines, and pelvic girdle.Crosses breed true, suggesting the forms represent distinct gene pools.Genotypic and phenotypic characteristics have remained stable for over 20 generations with less than 1% incidence of hybridization which indicates that gene flow between the forms is negligible and that the forms behave as biological species.Although both forms are numerous, they are restricted to one small (17 ha) lake which is used for a source of water for industry.In the short term the species could be threatened by the introduction of other fishes and in the long term by water draw down and further industrial development.On trouve dans le lac Paxton sur l'ile Texada, en Colombie-Britannique, deux espéces sympatriques d'épinoche (Gasterosteus spp.).Ces espéces sont isolées du point de vue reproductif et adaptées a des niches trophiques alternatives.La forme benthique est surtout littorale et se nourrit de benthos tandis que la forme limnétique est planctivore et vit dans la zone pélagique.La forme benthique est plus grande (90 mm de longueur standard), a un corps trapu, une bouche large, des branchicttures courtes et relativement peu nombreuses, et un nombre réduit de plaques latérales et d'épines dorsales.La ceinture pelvienne est absente chez 80% des adultes.La forme limnétique a un corps mince, une bouche étroite, de nombreuses branchicténtes longues et des plaques latérales, des épines dorsales et une ceinture pelvienne normale.Dans les expériences de croisements, les formes ne donnent pas d'hybrides et cela indique qu'elies représentent des pools génétiques distincts.Les caractéres génotypiques et phénotypiques sont restés stables pendant plus de 20 générations avec moins de 1% d'hybrides.Ceci indique que le passage de génes entre les deux formes est négligeable, et que les deux formes se comportent comme des espéces biologiques.Les populations des deux espéces sont élevées, mais elles sont confinés a un petit lac (17 ha) du lequel on préléve l'eau pour l'industrie.A court terme, les espéces pourraient étre menacées par I'introduction d'autres espéces de poissons, et a long terme par l'utilisation industrielle de l'eau et une augmentation du développement industrielle.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".