Abundance of stream invertebrates in winter: seasonal changes and effects of river ice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abundance of stream invertebrates in winter: Seasonal changes and effects of river ice.Canadian Field-Naturalist 115(1): 68-74.The association between anchor ice and stream invertebrate density in the drift and on the substrate were studied in the Grand River, Ontario, over two winters.Under certain climatic and geomorphological conditions, anchor ice can form a thick blanket on the bottom of rivers and streams.There were almost thirty times more aquatic insects in the drift on mornings after anchor ice developed than when anchor ice did not occur.Both Diptera (mostly chironomids) and Trichoptera were more abundant in the drift when frazil slush was present.During both winters the total density of insects in the drift decreased as the seasons progressed, regardless of the presence or absence of anchor ice on the day of sampling.Within drift samples taken after anchor ice events this relationship was seen in the orders of Diptera and Trichoptera.There was also a decline in the total number of insects in the surface layer of substrate as the winter progressed, particularly in the families of Chironomidae and Simuliidae.Anchor ice and frazil slush appear to be significant factors in invertebrate dispersal and their role in the winter ecology of aquatic invertebrates deserves much more study.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".