Hydrodynamic analysis of nanofluids flow over 45° inclined porous square cylinder using Darcy–Brinkman–Forchheimer model
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Various engineering applications commonly involve the flow of nanofluids over a porous 45° inclined square cylinder. Therefore, the current study is to assess the impact of the Darcy parameter ( Da ), nanoparticle volume fraction ( ϕ ), and Reynolds number ( Re ) on the momentum transport characteristics over the 45° inclined porous square cylinder. The governing equations were solved numerically using the Darcy–Brinkman–Forchheimer model for different values of Da ( ), nanoparticle volume fraction ϕ ( ), and Reynolds number Re ( ). The results for each parameter were visualized using streamline plots, velocity profiles within the porous cylinder, and vorticity contours. Complex flow behaviors were observed between Da = 10 −3 –10 −2 , flow separation detached and disappeared at the cylinder's downstream side at critical Darcy number. Drag and pressure coefficents are used to represent the global and local parameter of the flow fields. The pressure coefficient on the surface of the cylinder showed an inverse relationship with the nanoparticles volume fraction and Darcy number. The strength of the drag coefficient decreased with the addition of nanoparticles to the base fluid, with a decreasing trend observed for Da = 10 −4 –10 −2 and no change observed for Da = 10 −6 –10 −4 . At last, the comparative analysis has been conducted between a porous square cylinder at 0° inclined and another 45° inclined.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".