Bibliographic record
Abstract
The second edition of the award-winning Frogs of the United States and Canada is a remarkable compilation of thousands of research articles, books, agency reports, dissertations, and other sources that have been published on the frogs of these two countries.At almost a thousand pages, it remains the most complete work ever written about frogs from these two countries.This book is an essential starting place to gain a comprehensive understanding of the 106 frog species (and the eight introduced species) that occur north of the United States-Mexican border.The 23-page introduction to the book is an excellent overview of nearly all aspects of the biology of frogs.It begins with a basic description of frog morphology, including line drawings that show the major characteristics of the basic frog body plan.Detailed drawings of the hind feet describe differences among frogs, toads, and hylids (treefrogs), as well as the keratinous spades used for digging by spadefoots (Scaphiopus, Spea).Other illustrations depict frogs in axillary amplexus and the common types of eggs (masses or clumps, surface films, and strings).A section on anuran evolution describes early evolution from the time that vertebrates left the water to more recent discoveries of morphological changes leading to modern frogs.Details of eggs and egg masses, skin and its functions, tadpole morphology, behavior, the use of pheromones, vocalizations, and habitats provide an overview of these amazing animals.A section on anuran conservation reviews amphibian declines and their possible causes, including diseases, habitat loss, especially wetlands, and the consequences of exposure to many pesticides and toxins produced by the ever-expanding human population.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.068 | 0.014 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".