Prebiotic Effect Of Fructo‐Oligosaccharide Supplemented Term Infant Formula at Two Concentrations Compared with Unsupplemented Formula and Human Milk
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background: Human milk components, including oligosaccharides, affect the gastrointestinal flora of infants. Previous studies in adults have demonstrated that fructo‐oligosaccharides increase potentially beneficial fecal bacteria, including bifidobacteria. The purpose of this study was to determine the prebiotic effect of infant formula supplemented with fructo‐oligosaccharides. Methods: Healthy term infants 2 to 6 weeks of age were enrolled in a 5‐week, prospective, randomized, crossover, single‐site study with a nonrandomized human milk comparator group. Washout weeks preceded and followed a week of feeding with fructo‐oligosaccharide‐supplemented formula (1.5 or 3.0 g/L). Stool specimens were quantitatively cultured weekly for bacteroides, lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, clostridia and enterococci and were tested for Clostridium difficile toxin. Results: Seventy‐two of 87 infants completed the trial; 58 were formula fed and 14 were human milk fed. Mean counts of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli were similar in all groups at entry and no group experienced a significant change in counts with fructo‐oligosaccharide supplementation. After 7 days of fructo‐oligosaccharide supplementation the bifidobacteria counts were greater in the 1.5 g/L fructo‐oligosaccharide formula group than in the human milk fed or 3.0 g/L fructo‐oligosaccharide formula groups. Formula‐fed infants had higher counts of enterococci and bacteroides before fructo‐oligosaccharide supplementation, and these counts did not change after supplementation. Clostridium counts increased 7 days after supplementation in the 1.5 g/L fructo‐oligosaccharide formula group (P = 0.0356). No human milk fed infants had C. difficile toxin in stools. Fructo‐oligosaccharide (3.0 g/L) supplementation resulted in more frequent and significantly softer stools. Conclusions: Infant formula supplemented with 1.5 or 3.0 g/L fructo‐oligosaccharides was safe but had minimal effect on fecal flora and C. difficile toxin.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".