Interaction between ice sheet dynamics and sea surface characteristics in the Labrador Sea during the last 50 ka
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The study of the history of ice sheet retreat provides important insights into the interaction between ice sheets and oceans, especially under a sustained warming climate. The decay of ice sheets may affect the surrounding ocean environment, and changes in sea surface conditions can, in turn, affect the ice sheet stability. However, interactions between ice sheet dynamics and sea surface characteristics are still not fully understood. Here, we show sedimentary records from the eastern Labrador Sea, proximal to the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) and the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS). These records span the last 50 ka, i.e., the last glacial-deglacial-Holocene period. The XRF, biomarker, and planktic/benthic foraminifer data document the collapse of the LIS/iceberg discharge during Heinrich Events (i.e., HE5, HE4, HE2, and HE1) and the occurrence of meltwater plumes from the GrIS and the LIS during the last deglaciation. Such meltwater discharges have caused surface freshening in the Labrador Sea and, consequently, decreased sea surface temperatures and open-water phytoplankton productivity. Enhanced Irminger Current inflow might have caused (sub-)surface warming in the Labrador Sea and triggered the retreat of ice sheets/meltwater discharge. In contrast to relatively low primary production during the glacial period, the Last Glacial Maximum was characterized by increased sea ice algae and phytoplankton production, suggesting the presence of a polynya in front of the southern GrIS.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".