Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease: A randomized placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report results of a large multisite double-blind randomized trial investigating the short and long-term efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) applied to patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) at mild to moderate stages, in doses of either 2 or 4 weeks of treatment (5 days/week), whilst compared with 4 weeks of sham rTMS. Randomization to treatment group was stratified based on age and severity. The objectives of this study were to: 1) investigate the efficacy of active rTMS versus sham, 2) investigate the effect of dose of treatment (2 or 4 weeks), and 3) investigate the length of benefits from treatment. The rTMS pulses (20 Hz, 30 pulses/train, 25 trains, 10-s intertrain interval) were applied serially to the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex using neuro-navigation. We compared the primary outcome measure's (ADAS-Cog) score changes from pre- to post-treatment, with assessments at baseline and 4 more times up to 6 months post-treatment. Data of 135 patients were analyzed. The mean total ADAS-Cog score at baseline did not differ between the active and sham treatment groups, nor across the three study sites. The overall results show significant cognitive improvement after treatment up to two months post-treatment with either sham or active coils. The results show both short and long-term benefits of active rTMS treatment but also show similar benefits for sham coil treatment of mild/moderate AD. We discuss this finding in the context of the existing literature on rTMS therapy for AD, as well as evidence of the sham coil's potential to induce a low-level current in the brain. TRIAL REGISTRATION: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02908815.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it