Stimulation-Induced Seizures in Children Undergoing Stereo-EEG Evaluation
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: This study reports our center's initial experience with the use of low-frequency stimulation in provoking stimulation-induced seizures (SIS) in children with drug-resistant epilepsy undergoing stereo-EEG evaluations. METHODS: This retrospective study enrolled children aged 2 to 18 years with drug-resistant focal epilepsy who underwent stereo-EEG evaluation and extraoperative direct electrical cortical stimulation to elicit seizures. The low-frequency stimulation parameters consisted of biphasic square waveforms at frequency of 1 Hz, pulse width 1 millisecond, current 1 to 3 mA, and train duration of 20 seconds. Various epilepsy-related, imaging, neurophysiology, and surgery-related variables were collected and summarized. RESULTS: Fourteen children (mean age 13 years; 57.1% girls) were included, 10 of whom had unilateral stereo-EEG coverage. Cortical stimulation for provoking seizures was performed after a median of 5 days after electrode implantation. The median number of electrode-contacts stimulated per patient was 42. Four patients (28.6%) experienced habitual SIS (all extratemporal). The etiology in three patients was focal cortical dysplasia. Interictal high-frequency oscillations at electrode-contacts provoking SIS were observed in three cases (75%). Two of these individuals (50%) had class 1 International League Against Epilepsy seizure outcome at last follow-up, after the resection of the brain regions generating SIS. CONCLUSIONS: Low-frequency (1-Hz) stimulation could provoke habitual SIS in nearly one-fourth of children with focal epilepsy undergoing stereo-EEG monitoring. This study provides a limited pediatric experience with the low-frequency cortical stimulation and SIS.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it