Bibliographic record
Abstract
With the end of the First World War in November 1918, thousands of airmen and aircraft were suddenly redundant. This, and the fact that the war had revealed possibilities for the use of aircraft far beyond those envisaged by most people in 1914, prompted much talk of a new age of air travel. In the British case, the air seemed to offer a new way of linking the various parts of the empire more closely at a time when it had grown even larger than in pre-war days as mandated territories in Africa, the Middle East, and the Pacific were added to India and the dominions and colonies strewn across the oceans. 1919 and 1920 witnessed an outburst of air shows and daring exploits as the small machines that had been developed for use over the Western Front were recycled for more peaceful uses. Air enthusiasm spread far and wide, and by 1921 successful flights had taken place to Canada, India, South Africa, and Australia. Societies such as the Royal Geographical Society and the Royal Central Asian Society, the forerunner of the Royal Society for Asian Affairs, held meetings at which flying was hailed as the future of exploration. The possibilities seemed endless. Mail would be whisked around the world, allowing the most distant empire builder to feel in instant touch with home, while ‘home’ itself would be much more easily visited in the comfort of an airship or an aeroplane. This proved to be far from the case. Derring-do by ex-military pilots in exmilitary aircraft proved difficult to turn into passengers on seats or, in the case of airships, the cruiser-type lounges that were to be provided in the sky. Funding was difficult in the hard times which followed the end of the war. The high hopes disappeared as company after company went bankrupt. Aviation continued to make its mark, but, as far as official Britain was concerned, it was the Royal Air Force which mattered, not the civilian companies. Yet, much concern was expressed as foreign airlines, including even Lufthansa, the flag carrier of the recently defeated Germany, picked up the passengers to Europe that it was felt by right should be flying British, and the empire routes were pioneered by the Dutch and the French.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.033 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".