Bibliographic record
Abstract
From The Collapse Of the Roman Empire to the mid eleventh century, Western Christendom was without a centre. The absence of a strong core exacting a centripetal pull on the rest of Western Europe led Peter Brown to argue that this period saw the creation of ‘micro-Christendoms’ as people ‘strove to cancel out the hiatus between “centre” and “periphery” by making “little Romes” available on their home ground’. In the mid eleventh century, however, a succession of popes sought to re-establish Rome's place as Christendom's core, in an attempt to turn Europe from a federation of dioceses into a continent united in its focus upon Rome. The papacy wanted to convert Rome's symbolic significance as the resting place of the martyrs Peter and Paul into headship of the Church. The result was an extension of the frontiers of papal authority, with the papacy devoting increasing attention to the kingdoms located on the outer edge of Europe, beyond the central belt of Italy, Germany, and France. The papacy sought to bind these places on the periphery in closer unity, uniformity, and obedience to Rome, with the pope as shepherd of all the Christian people and guardian of the Christian faith. Papal-Peripheral Relations The extension of the papacy's influence to Christendom's edges in the second half of the eleventh century relied, to a large extent, on the construction of networks. The importance of these friendship networks was first outlined in I. S. Robinson's classic article, ‘The Friendship Network of Gregory VII’. Robinson argued that Gregory VII constructed a network of key individuals – local ecclesiastics, legates of the papacy, and significant lay supporters – that he relied upon in connecting Rome to the regions of Christendom. Since Robinson's article, these papal friendship networks have become a fruitful method of inquiry, allowing for a better understanding of the dynamic twoway relationship that existed between local churches and the papacy. So, when thinking about the expanding frontiers of papal authority, we must consider the bonds of friendship that existed between popes and actors at the periphery. The pope sought to build bridges across Christendom by forming favourable connections with individuals throughout Europe.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.012 | 0.012 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".