Eotaxin and Eosinophilic Homing to the Gut
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Eosinophilic infiltrates in the esophagus, stomach, small bowel, or colon are observed in a variety of childhood disease states. In addition, eosinophils are present, albeit in fewer numbers, in the lamina propria of the healthy intestinal tissues (Mod Pathol 1996;9:110–4). This contrast provides a constant conundrum for the pathologist and clinician. Not only are treatment options for eosinophilic gut diseases limited in choice, empiric in nature, and of questionable benefit to the affected child, but the actual definition for the normal number of eosinophils in the gut often is not certain. The future appears to be promising because of rapid advances in understanding the functions of eosinophils both in health and disease. Identification of the factors regulating eosinophil migration and homeostasis in the gut and lung is an active area of research. For example, Mishra et al. present convincing data to show that eotaxin is a primary regulator of homing of eosinophils to the normal gastrointestinal mucosa (J Clin Invest 1999;103:1719–27). The investigators demonstrate that eotaxin, an eosinophil specific chemokine, is ubiquitous throughout the normal gastrointestinal tract, whereas other eosinophil chemokines are either present to a lesser degree (RANTES) or are not readily detectable (MCP-2, MCP-3, MCP-4, and MIP-1α). They show that eotaxin deficient mice have a marked reduction in the numbers of eosinophils in the gastrointestinal mucosa and that these changes occurred in the face of normal eosinophil numbers in hematopoetic compartments. Their results demonstrate the specificity of eotaxin for the gut. Studies also measured the number of circulating and gut eosinophils in mice deficient in factors associated with eosinophil development and trafficking such as interleukin-5, β common chain, and recombinase activating gene-1 (RAG-1). These mice had a marked reduction not only in the gastrointestinal mucosal eosinophils but also a significant decrease in circulating eosinophil counts. That is, these factors effect on gut eosinophils is not necessarily tissue specific. Their findings provide the first compelling data for the central role of eotaxin in controlling eosinophil homing to the intestinal tract. Other studies have shown that eotaxin production is enhanced in human disease states associated with increased numbers of eosinophils, such as chronic inflammatory bowel disease (Nat Med 1996;2:449–56). Since eotaxin is produced by mononuclear cells within the lamina propria of the gut (PNAS 1998;95:6273–8), agents that inhibit either the production or biologic effects of eotaxin could well have therapeutic benefit in a variety of conditions of particular interest to the pediatric gastroenterologist including eosinophilic gastroenteritis, inflammatory bowel diseases and food allergic disorders.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".