Preliminary investigation into lithium extraction by phosphoric acid leaching of spodumene
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• Leaching of lithium from β-spodumene was investigated. • At low temperature (≤100 °C) and atmospheric pressure over 40 % Li was extracted. • Low levels of Al and Si extraction imply selectivity. Lithium demand has risen significantly with the dominance of lithium-ion batteries in renewable energy technology. Spodumene is a primary lithium-bearing mineral of lithium extraction interest, due to its comparatively high grade and simple composition. However, lithium extraction processes from spodumene remain complex. In this study, phosphoric acid was investigated as a lithium leaching agent. Preliminary leach experiments were performed on 1 g of pure β-spodumene, with varying phosphoric acid concentration, temperature, residence time, and liquid-to-solid ratio. Chemical composition of the leach filtrates and residues by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) revealed that > 40 % lithium leaching efficiency was achieved at an 8 M acid concentration, 100 °C, an 8 h residence time, and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 10 mL/g. With further optimization and understanding of the leaching mechanism, phosphoric acid could prove to be a suitable alternative for selective lithium extraction from spodumene.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".