Avian Species Diversity in Oil Palm Plantations in Buol District, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Indonesia is known as a country with a very high wealth of biodiversity, both at the ecosystem scale, however, Indonesia is also noted as a country that has an extraordinary vulnerability to the decline/loss of potential biodiversity.So far, scientific research on the impact on biodiversity, especially on avian species in oil palm development in Central Sulawesi province has never been carried out.This study aims to determine the diversity of bird species in oil palm plantation land cover, this is done because birds are one indicator of environmental quality.This research was conducted in oil palm plantations.Data were taken from 5-year and 15-year old oil palm land covers.The research was conducted from June to August 2023.Avian species inventory data collection was carried out using a combination method of strip transect and point observation and the help of other observation tools such as drones.Data analysis calculations using a laptop device and Microsoft Excel software.The results of this study found 177 individuals from 26 avian species belonging to 16 families, 3 avian species are endemic to Sulawesi.Avian species diversity in both 5-year-old and 15-year-old oil palm land covers was categorized as moderate (2.669 and 2.609), with high levels of evenness at 0.891 and 0.886, respectively.Avian species composition between the 5-year-old and 15-year-old oil palm land covers was relatively similar, as indicated by the 50% species similarity index.The high level of species similarity is due to the fact that both land covers have similar characteristics, namely both are dominated by oil palm plants.The presence of land covers close to the research site supports the presence of various avian species.Both land covers studied are adjacent to rice fields and water canals, which influence the increase in avian species diversity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".