756 FO74 – Dietary habits and incident knee- and shoulder injuries in adolescent handball: a cohort study with 1149 male and female players
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Studies indicate that inadequate dietary habits such as low meal frequency and intake of low-energy-dense foods are associated with injuries in adolescent athletes from weight-sensitive sports. This association has been less studied in team sports. Objective To investigate the association between meal frequency, meal timing and nutritional quality, respectively, and incident knee- and shoulder injuries in adolescent handball players. Design Prospective study based on the Swedish Handball Cohort. Setting Swedish handball-profiled secondary schools. Participants Players free from knee and shoulder injuries at baseline, followed 1–3 seasons 2020–2023, including 1149 participants (53% male, mean age 16.7 ± 0.9 years) and 1717 player seasons. Assessment of Risk Factors Meal frequency, meal timing in relation to training/games and intake frequency of foods (i.e., fruits/vegetables, wholegrain etc.), generating a nutritional quality score of 0–12 according to national dietary guidelines, were assessed in a baseline web-survey. Main Outcome Measurements The Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Overuse Injury Questionnaire was used to assess a substantial injury through weekly follow-ups. An event was registered when the first substantial knee and/or shoulder injury occurred. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses (adjusted for previous injury, dietary supplements, playing position, sleep, sex, and school) including cumulative exposure time-to-event of minutes of playing handball were performed, generating adjusted hazard rate ratios (HRR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Each increase in nutritional score was associated with a HRR of 1.07 (95% CI 1.01–1.14). Each increase in daily meals generated a HRR of 1.01 (95% CI 0.91–1.11) and each additional meal timed with training/games generated a HRR of 1.00 (95% CI 0.92–1.08). Conclusions Higher nutritional score was associated with incident injuries in adolescent handball players, but not meal frequency or meal timing. These results suggest that sports nutrition recommendations rather than national dietary guidelines may be of clinical importance in adolescent handball.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Direct model labels (unvalidated)
Per-model category and study-design labels from the labeling rounds. They are machine output, unvalidated, and the disagreement between models ships as data. No study design here is MEDLINE-validated yet.
| Model arm | Categories | Study design | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| gemma | no category Domain: not available · Genre: Empirical About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: no | Observational | low |
| gpt | no category Domain: not available · Genre: Empirical About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: no | Observational | low |
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedLabeled directly by 2 models reading the full record.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".