Evaluation of diatom Halamphora sp. and harpacticoid copepod Amphiascoides neglectus as live food for black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon postlarvae
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The present study investigated on the potential use of marine benthic diatom Halamphora sp. and harpacticoid copepod Amphiascoides neglectus enriched with Halamphora sp. on the growth, biochemical composition, water quality performance and disease tolerance of black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon postlarvae culture. The introduction of Halamphora sp. and enriched harpacticoid copepod (EHC) as feed to the postlarvae increased the final weight gain (38.10 ± 1.50 to 40.43 ± 1.17 mg/individual), weight gain (1267.97 ± 24.59 to 1321.09 ± 22.53%) and specific growth rate (9.34 ± 0.22 to 9.47 ± 0.26% day −1 ) significantly ( p < 0.05) compared to the commercial feed. The protein and lipid contents of the postlarvae fed with EHC (protein: 15.26 ± 0.40% wet weight (WW); lipid: 1.91 ± 0.07% WW) were significantly higher ( p < 0.05) compared to Halamphora sp. (protein: 13.66 ± 0.51%WW; lipid: 1.70 ± 0.01% WW) and the commercial feed. Moreover, the inclusion of Halamphora sp. and EHC into the postlarvae zero exchange water culture yielded lower nitrite (0.141 to 0.181 mg L −1 ), nitrate (3.15 to 8.50 mg L −1 ), orthophosphate (1.38 to 1.90 mg L −1 ), and total ammonia nitrogen (0.01 to 0.77 mg L −1 ) levels compared to the commercial feed. Finally, the incorporation of EHC into the diet also protected the postlarvae from the acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease-causing Vibrio parahaemolyticus by demonstrating the highest survival rate (63.33%) of the postlarvae compared to Halamphora sp. (mortality rate: 63.33%) and commercial feed (mortality rate: 100%) treatments after 72 h of the challenge test. The current findings highlighted the great potential of using EHC as live food for better growth performance of P. monodon postlarvae as well as the protection against virulent shrimp pathogens.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".