Ultrasound jetting and atomization of sessile and impacting droplets
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present the results of our experimental and theoretical study of the jetting and atomization of a sessile and an impacting droplet subject to an ultrasonic surface vibration with a frequency of 2.5 MHz and piezoceramic transducer (PZT) surface velocity of 0.2–1.5 ms−1. Such high-frequency vibrations result in the formation of a liquid jet shooting outwardly from the surface of the droplet, which eventually breaks up into droplets. Part of the liquid remains on the surface, which eventually goes through ultrasonic atomization. We have divided this process into three categories of (i) jetting, (ii) jet breakup and liquid layer formation, and (iii) liquid layer atomization, and characterized jetting and jet breakup separately. For impacting droplets, jetting occurs immediately and at relatively low surface vibration velocities as compared to those for sessile droplets. We have developed a model to predict the PZT surface velocity for the onset of jetting, the jet diameter, jet velocity, and spreading diameter based on momentum, force, and energy balances. The liquid jet may break up into droplets due to Rayleigh–Plateau breakup (ejecting droplets on the order of jet diameter, λa) and acoustic breakup of the jet (ejecting both few hundred micrometer and few micrometer droplets).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".