Abiotic pathways for the formation of ozone-depleting and other trace gases in the polythermal glacier on Galindez Island, Maritime Antarctica
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The study aims to analyze trace gases in the composition of the polythermal glacier on Galindez Island in Maritime Antarctica (65°14' S, 64°16' W) and possible pathways for their abiotic formation in the snowpack and the superimposed or old cold ice. Polythermal glaciers are the most sensitive indicators of climate change. They are ideal for studying chemical post-depositional processes that alter the trace gas composition of the ice core air and the mechanisms involved under the current climate warming. This study is the first attempt to assess the concentration range of a large number of trace gases (except the previously studied O2, N2, Ar, and CO2) in polythermal and temperate glaciers, which are widespread in Greenland, Svalbard, Canadian Arctic, Alaska, Alps, Andes, Tibet, Altai, and Maritime Antarctica. The ice porosity varies from 0.6% to (unique to superimposed ice) 7%. Qualitative analysis by GC-MS was done for more than 200 organic and inorganic trace gases. A quantitative analysis of 27 compounds was performed along the vertical profile of the glacier, including CO2 and N2O, freons, chlorine-based solvents that are prohibited by the Montreal Protocol, F-, Cl-, Br- and I-containing halocarbons, COS, CS2, CH3SCH3, CH3SSCH3, and propene. Statistical data (mean, minimal, and maximum values) for ten horizontal levels of the glacier were calculated for their mixing ratios compared to background air. Most halocarbons, sulfur-containing compounds, and propene are characterized by high enrichment factors. This suggests that the species can be formed in the snowpack and firn of the glacier or its deep bubbling superimposed and old cold ice. Possible pathways of the gases formation include direct and indirect photochemical reactions of the triplet state dissolved organic matter (DOM) in snowpack without or in the presence of X– ions (X = Cl, Br, I), dark redox reactions of Fe3+, Mn4+, Cu2+, O3, H2O2 or radicals HOx (HOx = HO·,HO2·) with DOM in the presence of X–, reactions of HOX with DOM (with the participation of HOx, H2O2 or O3), free radical reactions with alkenes, alkynes, and alkyl radicals, and miscellaneous reactions of methylmethionine and/or S-containing peptides.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".