Association between smartphone addiction, physical activity, and overweight or obesity occurrence among Polish adolescents
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction Smartphone addiction (SA) is a growing problem among adolescents, and it may have adverse health outcomes. The aim of this study was to analyse the risk of SA according to the level of physical activity (PA), and the occurrence of overweight and obesity in a population of 460 adolescents – students of secondary schools in Poland. Material and methods The physical activity of adolescents was assessed using a short version of the International physical activity questionnaire. Smartphone addiction, as the independent variable, was measured by the mobile phone addiction assessment questionnaire. Overweight and obesity were identified by body mass index (BMI). Waist-to-hip ratio and body height were also measured. Results 284 (61.7%) respondents were not addicted to the smartphone, 148 (32.2%) were at risk of addiction, and 28 (6.1%) were addicted. It was found that in all respondents (n = 460) SA was associated with PA – low overall PA was associated with a higher level of SA (rho = –0.279; p < 0.0001). Moreover, the index of overall SA increased with sitting time (β = 0.113) and decreased with the general PA growth (β = –0.190). It was also shown that the increase of SA in overweight/obese adolescents was influenced by the reduction of general PA (rho = –0.343; p < 0.05), intense PA (rho = –0.268; p < 0.05), and walking (rho = –0.280; p < 0.05). Smartphone addicts were also students with higher BMI (24.77 kg/m2; p < 0.0001) and higher BMI percentile (80.57; p < 0.0001). Conclusions Smartphone addiction is significantly associated with the PA of adolescents, and it is more common among those with an insufficient level of PA. Increased BMI is also an indicator of SA. Interventions for reducing SA should take into account both the context of PA and anthropometric indicators of schoolchildren.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".