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Observation of Seven Astrophysical Tau Neutrino Candidates with IceCube
R. Abbasi, M. Ackermann, J. Adams, Sanjib Kumar Agarwalla, J. A. Aguilar, M. Ahlers, Jean-Marco Alameddine, N. M. Amin, K. Andeen, G. Anton, C. Argüelles, Y. Ashida, S. Athanasiadou, S. N. Axani, X. Bai, M. Baricevic, S. W. Barwick, Vedant Basu, R. Bay, J. J. Beatty, J. Becker Tjus, J. Beise, Chiara Bellenghi, Charlotte Benning, S. BenZvi, D. Berley, E. Bernardini, D. Z. Besson, E. Blaufuss, Summer Blot, Federico Bontempo, Julia Book, Caterina Boscolo Meneguolo, S. Böser, O. Botner, J. Böttcher, Etienne Bourbeau, J. Braun, B. Brinson, J. Brostean-Kaiser, R. T. Burley, R. S. Busse, Delaney Butterfield, Michael Campana, K. Carloni, Erin Carnie-Bronca, Sharmistha Chattopadhyay, Thien Nhan Chau, C. Chen, Z. Chen, D. Chirkin, S. Choi, Brian Clark, Lew Classen, A. Coleman, G. H. Collin, A. Connolly, J. M. Conrad, P. Coppin, Pablo Correa, D. F. Cowen, Pranav Dave, C. De Clercq, J. J. DeLaunay, Diyaselis Delgado, S. Deng, Kunal Deoskar, Aman Mukeshbhai Desai, P. Desiati, K. D. de Vries, G. de Wasseige, T. DeYoung, Alejandro Diaz, J. C. Díaz–Vélez, Markus Dittmer, Alba Domi, H. Dujmovic, M. A. DuVernois, Thomas Ehrhardt, P. Eller, E. Ellinger, Sharif El Mentawi, Dominik Elsässer, R. Engel, H. Erpenbeck, John Evans, P. A. Evenson, Kwok Lung Fan, K. Fang, Kareem Ramadan Farrag, A. R. Fazely, Nora Feigl, Sebastian Fiedlschuster, Aaron Fienberg, L. Fischer, D. B. Fox, A. Franckowiak, Alexander Fritz, Philipp Fürst, J. S. Gallagher, Erik Ganster, A. Garcia, L. Gerhardt, Christian Gläser, Theo Glauch, T. Glüsenkamp, N. Goehlke, J. G. Gonzalez, S. Goswami, D. Grant, S. J. Gray, Oliver Gries, S. Griffin, Spencer Griswold, Kathrine Mørch Groth, C. Günther, Pascal Gutjahr, Christian Haack, A. Hallgren, R. Halliday, L. Halve, F. Halzen, H. Hamdaoui, M. Ha Minh, K. Hanson, J. Hardin, Alexander Harnisch, P. Hatch, A. Haungs, K. Helbing, Jonas Hellrung, Felix Henningsen, L. Heuermann, N. Heyer, S. Hickford, Attila Hidvégi, Colton Hill, G. C. Hill, K. D. Hoffman, Sam Hori, K. Hoshina, Wenjie Hou, T. Huber, K. Hultqvist, Mirco Hünnefeld, Raamis Hussain, Karolin Hymon, S. In, A. Ishihara, M. Jacquart, Oliver Janik, M. Jansson, G. S. Japaridze, Minjin Jeong, Miaochen Jin, B. J. P. Jones, Donghwa Kang, Woosik Kang, X. Kang, A. Kappes, David Kappesser, Leonora Kardum, T. Karg, M. Karl, A. Karle, U. Katz, M. Kauer, J. L. Kelley, A. Khatee Zathul, Ali Kheirandish, J. Kiryluk, Alina Kochocki, Ramesh Koirala, H. Kolanoski, Tomas Kontrimas, L. Köpke, C. Kopper, D. J. Koskinen, P. Koundal, Michael Kovacevich, M. Kowalski, T. Kozynets, J. Krishnamoorthi, K. Kruiswijk, E. Krupczak, Anil Kumar, Emma Kun, N. Kurahashi, Neha Navnitkumar Lad, Cristina Lagunas Gualda, M. Lamoureux, M. J. Larson, Silvia Latseva, Frederik Hermann Lauber, J. P. Lazar, J. W. Lee, Kayla Leonard DeHolton, Agnieszka Leszczyńska, M. Lincetto, Q. R. Liu, Maria Liubarska, Elisa Lohfink, C. Love, Francesco Lucarelli, W. Luszczak, J. Madsen, K. B. M. Mahn, Y. Makino, Elena Manao, Sarah Mancina, W. Marie Sainte, I. C. Mariş, S. Marka, Z. Márka, M. Marsee, Ivan Martínez-Soler, R. Maruyama, Finn Mayhew, Thomas McElroy, Frank McNally, J. V. Mead, K. Meagher, Sarah Mechbal, A. Medina, Maximilian Meier, Yarno Merckx, Lukas Merten, Jessie Micallef, J. Mitchell, T. Montaruli, R. W. Moore, Y. Morii, R. Morse, Marjon Moulai, Tista Mukherjee, R. Naab, Ryo Nagai, M. Nakos, Uwe Naumann, Jannis Necker, Akshima Negi, M. Neumann, Hans Niederhausen, M. U. Nisa, A. Noell, A. Novikov, Sarah Nowicki, A. Obertacke Pollmann, Vivian O'Dell, M. Oehler, Bob Oeyen, A. Olivas, R. Orsoe, J. D. Osborn, Erin O’Sullivan, Hershal Pandya, D. V. Pankova, N. Park, G. K. Parker, Ek Narayan Paudel, L. Paul, C. Pérez de los Heros, J. Peterson, S. Philippen, A. Pizzuto, M. Plum, Axel Ponten, Y. Popovych, Maria Prado Rodriguez, B. Pries, R. Procter-Murphy, G. T. Przybylski, C. Raab, J. Rack-Helleis, K. Rawlins, Z. Rechav, Abdul Rehman, Patrick Reichherzer, G. Renzi, E. Resconi, S. Reusch, W. Rhode, Benedikt Riedel, Adam Rifaie, E. J. Roberts, S. Robertson, S. Rodan, G. Roellinghoff, Martin Rongen, C. Rott, T. Ruhe, L. Ruohan, D. Ryckbosch, I. Safa, J. Saffer, Daniel Salazar-Gallegos, P. Sampathkumar, S. E. Sanchez Herrera, A. Sandrock, M. Santander, Sourav Sarkar, J. Savelberg, P. Savina, Merlin Schaufel, H. Schieler, S. Schindler, Lea Schlickmann, B. Schlüter, Felix Schlüter, Nick Schmeisser, T. Schmidt, Judith Schneider, Frank Schröder, L. Schumacher, Georg Schwefer, S. Sclafani, D. Seckel, M. Seikh, S. Seunarine, R. Shah, Ankur Sharma, S. Shefali, Nobuhiro Shimizu, M. Silva, B. Skrzypek, B. Smithers, R. Snihur, Jan Soedingrekso, A. Søgaard, D. Soldin, Philipp Soldin, Giacomo Sommani, C. Spannfellner, G. M. Spiczak, M. Stamatikos, T. Stanev, T. Stezelberger, T. Stürwald, T. Stuttard, G. W. Sullivan, I. Taboada, S. Ter–Antonyan, Matthias Thiesmeyer, W. G. Thompson, J. Thwaites, S. Tilav, Kirsten Tollefson, C. Tönnis, S. Toscano, D. Tosi, A. Trettin, C. F. Tung, R. Turcotte, Jean Pierre Twagirayezu, B. Ty, Martin Unland Elorrieta, Anuj Kumar Upadhyay, K. Upshaw, N. Valtonen-Mattila, J. Vandenbroucke, N. van Eijndhoven, D. Vannerom, J. V. Santen, J. Vara, J. Veitch-Michaelis, M. Venugopal, M. Vereecken, S. Verpoest, Doğa Veske, A. Vijai, C. Walck, C. Weaver, Philip Weigel, A. Weindl, J. Weldert, Alex Wen, C. Wendt, Johannes Werthebach, M. Weyrauch, N. Whitehorn, C. H. Wiebusch, N. Willey, D. R. Williams, Lucas Witthaus, Annika Wolf, Martin Wolf, Gerrit Wrede, X. W. Xu, J. P. Yanez, Emre Burak Yildizci, S. Yoshida, Robert A. Young, G. B. Yu, S. Yu, Zelong Zhang, P. Zhelnin, Perri Zilberman, Melany Zimmerman
Bibliographic record
VenuePhysical Review Letters · 2024
Typepreprint
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicAstrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
Canadian institutionsUniversity of AlbertaQueen's University
FundersOffice of Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive ResearchJapan Society for the Promotion of ScienceNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaInstitute for Computational and Data Sciences, Pennsylvania State UniversityPhysics Division, National Center for Theoretical SciencesOffice of Polar ProgramsCollege of Engineering, Michigan State UniversityHelmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle PhysicsChiba UniversityInstitute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba UniversityRWTH Aachen UniversityKnut och Alice Wallenbergs StiftelseFonds Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekMarsden FundBundesministerium für Bildung und ForschungSchweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen ForschungNational Science FoundationBelgian Federal Science Policy OfficeDeutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity of OxfordMarquette UniversityCanada Foundation for InnovationDeutsches Elektronen-SynchrotronNational Energy Research Scientific Computing CenterAustralian Research CouncilWestern Canada Research GridFonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRSPolarforskningssekretariatetUniversity of MarylandWisconsin Alumni Research FoundationNational Research Foundation of KoreaVillum FondenCompute CanadaVetenskapsrådetU.S. Department of EnergyUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonNational Research FoundationMichigan State UniversityCarlsbergfondetOffice of Advanced CyberinfrastructureEuropean Commission
KeywordsPhysicsNeutrinoTau neutrinoMuonFlux (metallurgy)Particle physicsNeutrino astronomySigmaAstrophysicsNuclear physicsMuon neutrinoNeutrino detectorNeutrino oscillationAstronomy
Abstract
We report on a measurement of astrophysical tau neutrinos with 9.7 yr of IceCube data. Using convolutional neural networks trained on images derived from simulated events, seven candidate ν_{τ} events were found with visible energies ranging from roughly 20 TeV to 1 PeV and a median expected parent ν_{τ} energy of about 200 TeV. Considering backgrounds from astrophysical and atmospheric neutrinos, and muons from π^{±}/K^{±} decays in atmospheric air showers, we obtain a total estimated background of about 0.5 events, dominated by non-ν_{τ} astrophysical neutrinos. Thus, we rule out the absence of astrophysical ν_{τ} at the 5σ level. The measured astrophysical ν_{τ} flux is consistent with expectations based on previously published IceCube astrophysical neutrino flux measurements and neutrino oscillations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: Theoretical or conceptual
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.264
Threshold uncertainty score1.000
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.014
GPT teacher head0.256
Teacher spread0.242 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
Study designTheoretical or conceptual
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations28
Published2024
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes