Bibliographic record
Abstract
In certain stratifications internal wave breathers can exist. Such stratifications include symmetric double-pycnocline continuous stratifications provided the two pycnoclines are sufficiently far apart. Here the generation of breathers by steady flow over a small obstacle is investigated using a two-dimensional non-hydrostatic primitive equation numerical model under the Boussinesq approximation. The symmetric stratification consists of two thin hyperbolic tangent pycnoclines which separate the fluid into three nearly constant density layers. The two pycnoclines have the same thickness and the same density jump across them. The upper and lower constant density layers have the same thickness. Nonlinear internal waves in this type of stratification can be modelled with the modified KdV (mKdV) equation. If the pycnoclines are far enough apart the cubic coefficient in the mKdV equation is positive and weakly-nonlinear theory predicts the existence of breathers. In this numerical study a large number of simulations have been undertaken, varying the speed of the upstream flow, the amplitude and width of the obstacle and the thickness of the upper and lower layers. Multiple upstream propagating internal wave breathers are generated in a small region of parameter space. Their formation appears to arise from nonlinear-interactions in the lee wave field downstream of the obstacle.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".