Transnational Anti-Imperialism and the Left in the First Half of the Twentieth Century
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the last decade and a half, studies that overlap the fields of leftist history and imperial history have become more commonplace. The transnational turn—which focuses on how people, ideas, and movements extended across borders—is helping this trend. Several cities, including London, Paris, Berlin, and Moscow, were anti-imperial hubs where communists, radicals, leftists, revolutionaries, and colonial liberationists came together, interacted, and borrowed ideas. Studies have focused on how anti-imperial movements adopted or found inspiration from the Bolshevik Revolution or organized communism. In turn, these movements borrowed tactics or even whole explanatory structures (for example, applying a class-based analysis to racial inequality or colonial oppression) that opened new avenues for protest and to build anti-imperial networks. These individuals traveled all over the world. For example, Ho Chi Minh was born in Vietnam and moved to France, Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and China, just to provide a small glimpse of his travels over his revolutionary career. He delivered a petition on behalf of other Vietnamese anti-colonialists to Entente leaders at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. Later that same year, Ho Chi Minh was a key member in French socialist debates about supporting Bolshevism. He spent significant time in Moscow, both as a leading colonial delegate and as a student of Bolshevik methods. He founded the Vietnamese Communist Party in 1930 and became a leading figure in Vietnamese independence, evolving to promote his own brand of Marxist-Leninism. Alternately, some anti-colonialists were not communists, but “fellow travelers.” Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first prime minister after independence, was never openly communist; however, he spoke favorably about the hope engendered by the Bolshevik Revolution. At one point, he served as a key figure in the early years of the League Against Imperialism, which was a Communist International front organization. Many other revolutionaries also interacted with communism, but also other strands of the Left or of radicalism, including socialism and anarchism.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".