Investigation of the role of charge injection and Coulomb force during the melting of phase-change materials under constant temperature boundary conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents an investigation of the melting of dielectric material in a rectangular cavity under the effect of electrohydrodynamics (EHD). First, phase-change modeling is implemented to simulate the melting performance of paraffin wax without EHD under constant temperature boundary conditions until a steady-state condition is achieved. Next, the whole set of coupled EHD equations is introduced to the model, with the Coulomb force using a Heaviside function for charge injection being the only electrical body force considered. Finally, the numerical model is implemented using the finite element method to solve for the electric field, flow field, temperature field, and charge transport. The numerical results show that, under the effect of EHD, melting continues due to the generation of electroconvection cells in the liquid phase-change material and the flow field manifests as two symmetric rotational cells generated between every two successive electrodes. The flow field causes the redistribution of the temperature field in the liquid bulk, which enhances the heat transfer. Melting continues until a steady-state condition is almost reestablished after about one hour. The enhancement factor, defined as the ratio of the EHD melt thickness to the steady-state melt thickness without EHD, is 2.33 at 6 kV applied voltage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".