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Record W4392817793 · doi:10.5744/bi.2023.0020

Headless Burials from Pachacamac, Peru

2024· article· en· W4392817793 on OpenAlexafffund
Andrew J. Nelson, Jo Motley, Lucía Watson, Jocelyn Williams, Pauline Kirgis, Jean‐Bernard Huchet, Suellen C. Gauld, Lauren Poeta, Ashley J. W. Ward, T. Naomi Nakahodo, Katherine Woodley, Hanne Andersen, Sorcha Rountree, Rory Succee, Jhon Baldeos, Sarita Fuentes, Denise Pozzi-Escot

Bibliographic record

VenueBioarchaeology International · 2024
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldArts and Humanities
TopicPaleopathology and ancient diseases
Canadian institutionsTrent UniversityWestern University
FundersUniversidad Nacional Mayor de San MarcosUniversité de BordeauxSocial Sciences and Humanities Research Council of CanadaMitacs
KeywordsArchaeologyContext (archaeology)GeographyPeriod (music)ExcavationHistoryArt

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

A paleoradiographic survey of funerary bundles (fardos) from a Late Intermediate Period (1000 A.D.–1472 A.D.) cemetery in Sector 3 of the site of Pachacamac, Peru, demonstrated that 15 out of 61 individuals had had their head removed when the body was in an advanced state of skeletonization/mummification. Detailed analysis of the field report, the fardos themselves, and X-rays and computed tomography scans of the fardos suggested that nine of these individuals were potential candidates for head removal in antiquity. Of those nine, six appeared to be clear examples of this practice. The analysis of multiple lines of evidence suggests that the use of this cemetery was complex, as part of a dynamic mortuary program that involved exposing the body for varying lengths of time and repeated excavations for new interments when earlier burials were encountered. We conclude that these heads were removed from funerary bundles when graves were being dug for subsequent burials and the specific identity of the bundled individual had been lost. When considered within the abundant archaeological record of decapitation in the Pre-Hispanic Andes, as well as ethnohistoric accounts, this pattern is consistent with reported retrieval of heads as material manifestations of ancestors. However, when placed within the broader context of contemporary sites from the Central and Southern Coast, it is clear that specific cultural motivations may have varied through space and time. L’étude paléoradiographique de paquets funéraires (fardos) provenant d’un cimetière de la période intermédi-aire tardive (1000 A.D.– 1472 A.D.) dans le secteur 3 du site de Pachacamac, Pérou, a démontré que 15 des 61 in-dividus avaient subi une ablation de la tête lorsque que le corps était dans un état avancé de squelettisation/momification. L’analyse détaillée du rapport de fouille, des fardos eux- mêmes, ainsi que les résultats des radiographies et des tomodensitogrammes des fardos suggèrent que neuf de ces individus figuraient comme des candidats potentiels à la décollation sur la période considérée. Sur ces neuf individus, six d’entre eux semblent être des exemples clairs de cette pratique. L’analyse de plusieurs sources de données suggère que l’utilisation de ce cimetière était complexe et s’inscrivait dans le cadre d’un système mortuaire dynamique qui impliquait l’expo-sition du corps pour des durées variées ainsi que l’exhumation d’anciennes tombes pour procéder à de nouveaux ensevelissements. Nous concluons que ces têtes ont été soustraites des paquets funéraires lors du creusement de nouvelles tombes lorsque l’identité spécifique de l’individu anciennement inhumé avait été perdue. Si l’on tient compte de l’abondante documentation archéologique sur la décapitation dans les Andes pré- Hispaniques, ainsi que les récits ethnohistoriques, ce schéma est cohérent avec la récupération des têtes en tant que manifestations matérielles des ancêtres. Cependant, en se plaçant dans le contexte plus large des sites contemporains de la côte centrale et méridionale, il n’est pas à écarter que les motivations culturelles spécifiques aient pu varier dans l’espace et dans le temps. Mots clés: Pérou; sépulture sans tête; archéologie mortuaire; préhispanique Un estudio paleoradiográfico de fardos funerarios del Período Intermedio Tardío (1000 d.C.–1472 d.C.) del cementerio en el Sector 3 del sitio de Pachacamac, Perú, demostró que 15 individuos de un total de 61 personas les habían extraído la cabeza cuando el cuerpo se encontraba en un estado avanzado de esqueletización/momificación. Análisis detallado del informe de campo, los fardos mismos, como también las radiografías y las tomografías computarizadas de los fardos sugirieron que nueve de estos individuos eran potenciales candidatos para la remoción de cabezas en la antigüedad. De esos nueve, seis parecen ser claros ejemplos de esta práctica. El análisis de múltiples líneas de evidencia sugiere que el uso de este cementerio fue complejo, como parte de un programa mortuorio dinámico que implicó la exposición del cuerpo durante períodos de tiempo variables y excavaciones repetidas para nuevas inhumaciones cuando se encontraron entierros anteriores. Concluimos que estas cabezas fueron retiradas de los fardos funerarios cuando se cavaban las tumbas para entierros posteriores y se había perdido la identidad específica del individuo envuelto. Cuando se considera dentro del abundante registro arqueológico de decapitaciones en los Andes Pre-hispanos, así como los relatos etnohistóricos, este patrón es consistente con la recuperación de cabezas reportada como manifestación material de los antepasados. Sin embargo, cuando se les sitúa dentro del contexto más amplio de los sitios contemporáneos de la costa central y sur, queda claro que las motivaciones culturales específicas pueden haber variado a través del espacio y el tiempo. Palabras claves: Perú; Pachacamac; entierro sin cabeza; arqueología mortuoria; Prehispánico

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.908
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.002
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0130.001

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.030
GPT teacher head0.270
Teacher spread0.240 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.

Study designTheoretical or conceptual
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations0
Published2024
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes

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