Repairability and Damage Assessment of Controlled Rocking Masonry Walls with Energy Dissipation Accessible in a Steel Base
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In recent years various studies have explored the seismic behavior of controlled rocking masonry walls (CRMWs) that utilize both gravity loading for self-centering and additional energy dissipation (ED) devices to regulate the response (ED-CRMWs). However, these studies had limitations because ED devices were installed on or within the masonry wall, making repairs difficult or impossible after ED yielding or fracturing. This study presents the testing of two half-scale CRMWs that were constructed with supplemental flexural yielding Energy dissipation devices Accessible in a Steel base (EASt-CRMWs). The proposed EASt-CRMWs simplify the installation of the energy dissipation devices and overall wall construction, while also allowing for easy replacement following damage. The walls were subjected to quasi-static, cyclic loading up to drifts of 2.35%, after which the ED devices were replaced, and the same wall was tested again. Wall 2 was built with a steel plate at the rocking point between the steel base and the foundation interface. All five tests demonstrated a favorable self-centering response, with no significant damage to the walls. The ED devices were easily replaced between tests, and the damage was confined to them. Wall 2 had better performance because of the steel plates, which reduced damage to the mortar at the steel base-foundation interface, resulting in slightly decreased lateral load capacity at lower drift ratios upon retesting for Wall 1. Moreover, residual drifts were below 0.05% for all wall tests. Finally, a numerical model and a damage index proposed previously were validated based on the experimental work presented in this study as well as additional configurations of EASt-CRMWs presented in a previous recent study. The results demonstrate that the model can capture the overall response of the walls, and the damage index can accurately predict the location, type, and severity of the damage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".